Motivos para la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo libre y su relación con el cumplimento de las recomendaciones / Razões para a atividade física no tempo livre e sua relação o cumprimento das recomendações / Physical activity leisure time motives and their relation to meeting the recommendations

Los objetivos del estudio fueron: describir los motivos para practicar actividad física en el tiempo libre (AFTL) en adultos de Madrid y analizar su asociación con el sexo y la edad y con la posibilidad de cumplir las recomendaciones de AF. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 1500 personas de Madrid (15-74 años). La AFTL se evaluó con la versión 2 del Global Physical Activity Questionnaire y los motivos de práctica mediante la versión española de la escala Motives for Physical Activity Measure-Revised. Los motivos se ordenaron así: salud (6.19±.87), disfrute (5.67±1.05), competencia (4.84±1.31), social (4.81±1.70) y apariencia (4.63±1.52). Conceder una relevancia alta a los motivos salud y competencia se asoció con mayor probabilidad de cumplir las recomendaciones (OR=1.69 y OR=1.83, respectivamente). La salud es el motivo más importante para la práctica de AFTL en la muestra estudiada. Le siguen: disfrute, competencia, relaciones sociales y apariencia. Las mujeres conceden importancia alta a la salud y a la apariencia, más que los hombres. El protagonismo del motivo salud aumenta con la edad. Para los motivos de competencia, social y apariencia la tendencia es opuesta. La probabilidad de alcanzar las recomendaciones es mayor cuando se concede una importancia alta a la salud o a la competencia (AU)

The aim of the study was to describe the motives for Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) in Madrid adults; analyses their association to gender and age, and with the possibility of meeting the physical activity recommendations. A cross-sectional study from 1500 subjects living in Madrid (age: 15-74 years). LTPA was assessed using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (version 2), and practice motives using the Spanish version of the Motives for Physical Activity Measure-Revised scale. Motives for LTPA were reported in the following order: fitness (6.19±.87), enjoyment (5.67±1.05), competence (4.84±1.31), social (4.81±1.70) and appearance (4.63±1.52). Conceding a high relevance to the motives of fitness or competence was associated to a higher possibility of meeting the recommendations (OR=1.69 y OR=1.83, respectively). Based in the studied sample, health is the main important motive for LTPA practice. Followed by enjoyment, competence, social relations and appearance. Women concede a higher importance to health and appearance than men. The importance of health motive increase with the age, while the competence, social and appearance motives have the opposite tendency. The possibility of meeting the PA recommendations is higher when a higher importance to health or competence is conceded (AU)

Os objetivos do estudo foram descrever as razões para a prática de atividade física no tempo livre entre adultos em Madrid e analisar sua associação com sexo e idade e a possibilidade de implementar as recomendações do AF. Um estudo cruz com 1500 pessoas em Madrid (15-74 anos) foi realizada. LTPA foi avaliada com a versão 2 da Global Physical Activity Questionnaire e as razões para a prática pela versão em espanhol dos motivos de escala para a atividade física Medida-Revised. As razões são ordenados da seguinte forma: saúde (6.19 ± .87), prazer (5.67 ± 1.05), a concorrência (4.84 ± 1.31), social (4.81 ± 1.70) e aparência (4,63 ± 1,52). Concedesse uma alta relevância a razões de saúde e à concorrência foi associado com cumprir as recomendações (OR = 1.69 e OR = 1.83, respectivamente). A saúde é a prática mais importante da AFL na mostra estudada. Pelar seguintes razões: Prazer, Competição, relações sociais e aparência. As mulheres dão mais importância a saúde e aparência, mais do que os homens. O papel da razão da saúde aumenta com a idade. Por razões de concorrência, social e aparência a tendência é oposta. A probabilidade de alcançar as recomendações é maior quando uma elevada importância foi anexada para a saúde ou a concorrência (AU)

Resistance training does not have an effect on cognition or related serum biomarkers in nonagenarians: a randomized controlled trial.

The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to determine the effects of 8-week exercise-intervention on cognition and related serum biochemical markers in nonagenarians. We also studied the effects of a 4-week training cessation ('detraining') period on our study variables. Participants were randomly allocated to a standard-care (control) or intervention (exercise) group [n=20 (16 women)/group]. The intervention focused on supervised, light-to-moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercises (mainly leg press), and included 3 weekly sessions. Cognitive status was determined by the mini-mental state examination and geriatric depression scale. We analysed proteins with reported relation with mechanisms behind cognition changes such as serum levels of angiotensin converting enzyme, amyloid-precursor protein, epidermal growth factor, brain-derived neural factor and tumor necrosis factor. No significant change (P>0.05) in any of the variables studied was found following the exercise intervention compared with the standard-care group. Similarly, no significant changes (P>0.05) were observed following the detraining period compared with the standard-care group. Overall changes after the exercise intervention in serum biomarkers were not associated with changes in functional capacity and cognitive measures. An 8-week exercise intervention focusing on resistance exercises neither benefits cognitive function nor affects the levels of the serum proteins analysed in nonagenarians.

ACTN3 R577X polymorphism does not influence explosive leg muscle power in elite volleyball players.

We examined the association of R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) in the α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene with "explosive" leg muscle power performance in a group of male and female elite volleyball players (n=66, 31 men, 35 women) and in a group of non-athletic male and female young adults (n=334, 243 men, 91 women). We assessed power performance by means of the vertical squat and counter-movement jump tests. We also determined whether the genotypic frequencies of the ACTN3 R577X genotypes differed between groups. We did not observe any effect of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on study phenotypes in both groups, regardless of gender (all P>0.05). Genotype frequencies were similar between volleyball and control groups (P=0.095). Moreover, we did not find an association between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and the likelihood of being an elite volleyball player using the dominant (RR vs RX+XX) and the recessive model (RR+RX vs XX). In summary, these findings suggest that the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism does not influence explosive leg muscle power in elite volleyball players.

ACE and ACTN3 genes and muscle phenotypes in nonagenarians.

We studied the association of ACE and ACTN3 polymorphisms with skeletal muscle phenotypes (i. e. upper and lower body muscular strength and functional tests) in Spanish nonagenarian subjects [n=41, 33 women, 8 men, age: 90-97 years]. Mean values of the study phenotypes were not significantly different (all P>0.05) between ACE and ACTN3 genotypes. The analyses of the combined effects between genotypes ( ACE DD & ACTN3 RR/RX vs. ACE II/ID & ACTN3 XX) did not yield any significant difference. Our data suggest that, in the elderly, the influence of genetic factors on muscle phenotype traits is not reducible to a few single polymorphisms, including ACE and ACTN3 variants.

Is there an association between ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and muscle power phenotypes in young, non-athletic adults?

We investigated the association between ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and jumping (vertical squat and counter-movement jump tests) and sprint ability (30 m dash) in non-athletic, healthy young adults [N=284 (217 male), mean (SD) age: 21 (2) years]. We analyzed the differences in the study phenotypes among ACTN3 R577X genotypes by one-way analysis of covariance before and after adjusting for sex, age, weight and height (confounders). We also compared the genotype and allele frequencies between those with the best and worst results in the aforementioned tests (≥90th vs <90th of the sex-specific percentile, respectively). We used logistic regression to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for having the best performance. We did not observe a significant association between ACTN3 R577X genotypes and the study phenotypes before and after adjusting for potential confounders, nor after analyzing males and females separately. We did not observe significant differences in genotype frequencies between those with the best or the worst performance. The OR for an individual with the RR genotype to be in the top 10 percentile was <1.00 for jump tests and <1.015 for sprint tests (all P>0.05). In summary, α-actinin-3 deficiency does not negatively influence the ability to generate explosive leg muscle power in a young non-athletic population.

Does exercise training during pregnancy influence fetal cardiovascular responses to an exercise stimulus? Insights from a randomised, controlled trial.

In this study, the effects of maternal physical activity level on several fetal haemodynamic parameters such as pulsatility index of the fetal middle cerebral and umbilical arteries and cerebral-to-fetal ratio, as well as on fetal heart rate responses to one bout of moderate exercise (20 min cycle-ergometry at approximately 60% of age-predicted maximum heart rate) during the third pregnancy trimester were assessed. 26 Sedentary and 26 physically active gravidae aged 29 (3) and 30 (2) years, respectively, were studied. Maternal exercise did not have a deleterious effect on fetal haemodynamics (particularly, cerebral-to-fetal ratio remained within normal limits with exercise). Overall, maternal training status did not influence the fetal cardiovascular variables studied.